PARTS OF SPEECH. THE FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH
##semicolon##
Keywords: parts of Speech, Functional Classification, Linguistics, Syntax, Content Words, Function Words, Cross-Linguistic Analysis, Grammar, Sentence StructureAbstrak
This article investigates the functional classification of parts of speech, which places emphasis on the roles that words play within sentence structure and meaning, as opposed to merely categorizing words based on form. This approach classifies words into content and function categories, with each serving specific syntactic and semantic purposes. Core categories, such as nouns and verbs, are analyzed as referents and predicators, while modifiers—adjectives and adverbs—provide additional details. Function words (pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions) ensure grammatical cohesion. Additionally, the article explores cross-linguistic variations, showing that while many languages follow similar structural rules, there are unique ways different languages utilize parts of speech. Through this lens, functional classification contributes to a deeper understanding of grammar's role in meaning-making across languages.
##submission.citations##
1. Crystal, D. (2010). *The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language* (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2. Halliday, M.A.K., & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2014). *Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar* (4th ed.). Routledge.
3. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). *A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language*. Longman.
4. Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G.K. (2002). *The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language*. Cambridge University Press.
5. Lyons, J. (1995). *Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction*. Cambridge University Press.
6. Hopper, P.J., & Thompson, S.A. (1984). "The Discourse Basis for Lexical Categories in Universal Grammar." *Language*, 60(4), 703–752.
7. Dixon, R.M.W. (2005). *A Semantic Approach to English Grammar* (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
8. Anderson, S.R. (2005). *Aspects of the Theory of Clitics*. Oxford University Press.
9. Bybee, J. (2015). *Language Change*. Cambridge University Press.
10. Chomsky, N. (1995). *The Minimalist Program*. MIT Press.
